Causes
Intelligent causes
Intelligent causes fallacy is predominant in the mind of a person of an S. Associations of Adjacency on the associations of similarity, the lack of development of the ability to manage care, to think, in a weak memory, neprivychke to the exact usage, poverty, the actual knowledge on the subject of laziness thinking (ignava ratio), etc. Check the quality, of course, are the most beneficial to a person protects S.: denote the first negative quality through b, the latter corresponding positive through a.
Willed causes
When the exchange of views we have influence not only on the minds and feelings of the interlocutor, but it will. In any case (especially oral) is an element of strong-willed - mandatory - an element of suggestion. Categorical color does not allow the objection, as defined by body language, etc. (e) there are irresistible to the people easily suggestible, especially at mass. On the other hand, the passivity of (f) listening particularly conducive to a successful argument enemy. Thus, each S. presupposes a relationship between the six mental factors: a + b + c + d + e + f. Success of C. determined by the amount, in which a + c + e is the dialectics of force is, b + d + f there is the weakness of its victims. An excellent psychological analysis of sophistry makes Shopengauer in its Eristike (perev. book. Tserteleva DN). It goes without saying that the logical, grammatical and psychological factors are closely intertwined, and so S, representing, for example, from a logical point of view quaternio ter.
Affective reasons
These include cowardice in mind - the fear of dangerous consequences resulting from the adoption of a well-known position, hoping to find evidence of value for our views, encouraging us to see the facts where there are none, love and hatred, is firmly associated with the known views, and t . e. Desiring mind deceived his rival sophist must be not only skilled dialectics, but also a connoisseur of the human heart, easily able to dispose of other people's passions for their own ends. Denote the affective element in the soul of a skilled dialectics, which disposes of them as an actor, to touch the enemy, through c, and those passions that wake up in the soul of his victim, and it cast a shadow over the clarity of thinking through d. Argumentum ad hominem, giving personal accounts of the dispute, and the argumentum ad populum, influencing affects crowds are typical C., with a predominance of affective element.